As winter approaches, the risk of respiratory infections increases, which leads to more people seeking medical assistance and treatment. However, it is important to remember that most respiratory illnesses are caused by viruses, not bacteria. Unfortunately, improper use of antibiotics remains common, and this can have serious consequences for health.
Misuse of antibiotics: statistics and consequences
According to a study conducted in the USA between April 2016 and September 2018, 43% to 56% of patients received inappropriate antibiotics for bacterial infections, and 7% to 66% were given antibiotics for viral infections. This practice contributes to the growing issue of antimicrobial resistance, which is a serious public health problem, especially in the context of the ongoing war in Ukraine.
Improper use of antibiotics can lead to several negative consequences:
- Antimicrobial resistance: Pathogens adapt to antibiotics, reducing or even nullifying the effectiveness of standard treatments.
- Side effects: Incorrect use of antibiotics can cause allergies, kidney and liver dysfunction, gastrointestinal disturbances, and other complications.
- Microflora imbalance and Clostridium difficile-related conditions: Disruption of the healthy bacterial balance in the gut can lead to digestive disorders, weakened immunity, and increased risk of infection with Clostridium difficile, leading to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
Antibiotics: only prescribed by a doctor
Antibiotics should only be prescribed by a qualified doctor after a thorough examination and tests confirming the bacterial nature of the disease, not a viral one. Patients should not take antibiotics on their own without consulting a specialist, as this can lead to serious complications and make future treatment more difficult.
How to avoid mistakes when treating respiratory infections?
For mild respiratory infections, such as the common cold, medication is often unnecessary. Rest and drinking fluids may be enough for the body to recover on its own. However, in the case of more serious symptoms, it is important to consult a doctor for professional assistance.
For mild respiratory infection symptoms, the following measures may be helpful:
- Rest and plenty of fluids.
- Use of over-the-counter medications, such as nasal drops or throat lozenges.
- Adherence to personal hygiene measures and avoiding crowded places to prevent spreading the infection.
When to see a doctor?
If the symptoms persist or worsen, it may indicate a more serious infection that requires medical intervention. In such cases, it is important to consult a doctor, especially if any of the following warning signs appear:
- Cough lasting longer than seven days.
- Cough with blood-tinged sputum.
- Fever above 38.5°C lasting more than three days.
- Breathing difficulties.
- Vomiting, abdominal pain, or other concerning symptoms.
How can a doctor prescribe antibiotics?
A doctor can prescribe antibiotics only if a bacterial infection is confirmed or there is a reasonable suspicion of such an infection. For viral infections like the flu, COVID-19, or ARVI, antibiotics are not used.
Conclusion
Improper use of antibiotics poses a serious threat to health, and only a doctor can properly assess the need for their use. Remember that most respiratory illnesses are caused by viruses and do not require antibiotic treatment. However, if you have any doubts or experience severe symptoms, it is important to consult a doctor for qualified medical help.
Additional information about the rational use of antibiotics can be found in the Ministry of Health’s Standard “Rational Use of Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents for Therapeutic and Preventive Purposes.”
